• Afzelius BA. Ultraestructure o human nasal epithelium during an episode of coronavirus infection. Virchows Arch 1994; 424: 295-300.
• Beem MO. Acute espiratory iones in nursey scholl children: A longitudinal study of occurrence of iones and respiratory virases. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 90:30.
• Gómez AE. Congestión nasal. Uso de los descongestivos. Offarm. 2006;1:48-54.
• Gwalttney JM Jr. The common cold. En: Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R, editores. Pinciples and ractices or infectious disease. 4th ed. New Cork: Churchill Livingstone 1955: 561-6.
• Monto AS. Coronaviruses. En: AS Evans, ed Viral Infections of Humans. Epidemiology and Control 3ed. New York: Plenum 1989: 153-67.
• Siegel CJ, Dockson RJ. An evaluation of childhood rhinorrhea. Ann Allergy 1982;48:9.
• Van Kempen M, Barchert C, Van Cauwenberger P. An update on the pathophysiology of rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections. Rhinology 1999; 37: 97-103.

• Gordts F, Abu Nasser I, Clement PA, Pierard D, Kaufman L. Bacteriology of the middle meatus in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;48:163-7.
• Tos M. Distribution of mucus producing elements in the respiratory tract. Differences between upper and lower airway. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1983;128:269-79.
• Wald E, Guerra N, Byers C. Upper respiratory infections in young children: duration and frequency of complications. Pediatrics 1991; 87:129- 131.

Capítulo 4. Rinitis infecciosas especificas.

• Akhnoukh S, Saad E.F. Iron-deficiency in atrophic rhinitis and escleroma, Indian J. Med.Resp. 1987: 576-579.
• Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Calvopina M, Mancheno M, Rodriguez R. Comparison of the effectiveness of two topical paromomycin treatments versus meglumine antimoniate for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2004 .91:153-60.
• Avery R, Salam S, Sullivan A, Rhinoscleroma treated with ciprofloxacin: A case report. Laryngoscope, 1995, 105: 854-856.
• Bhrtoon R. Rinitis pscudomenibrjntu»s non diphleriquca". Arch. Jnt, de Laryng. 1928; nº 2: pag 160.
• Bozzola CM. ¿La colonización nasal por Staphylococcus aureus tiene un papel en la permanencia de los síntomas de la rinitis persistente? AAIC 2003; 34; 2: 54-7.
• Cueto M, Pascual A. Microbiología y Patogenia de las infecciones producidas por Staphylococcus aureus. En: Pahissa A, Soler H, Soto A, Matos L, Serrano E, Roig MA editores. Infecciones producidas por Staphylococcus aureus. 1^a ed. Barcelona (España): Marge Books ed.; 2009: 15-29.
• De Lima H., Borges R. H., Escobar J. & Convit J. Leishmaniasis cutánea americana en Venezuela: un análisis clínico epidemiológico a nivel nacional y por entidad federal, 1988-2007. Bol. Mal. Salud Amb 2010; 50: 283-299.
• Faber WR, Oskam L, van Gool T, Kroon NC, Knegt-Junk KJ, Hofwegen H, van der Wal AC, Kager PA.. Value of diagnostic techniques for cutaneous leishmaniasis .J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003.49:70-4.
• Franke ED, Llanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Cruz ME, Campos P, Tovar AA, Lucas CM, Berman JD Efficacy of 28-day and 40-day regimens of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) in the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 51:77-82.
• Grevelink S A, Lerner E A. Leishmaniasis.J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:257-272.
• Machado Pinto S, Azulay R.D.Leishmaniasis. in: tyring S K, Lupi O, Hengee U.R. editors . Tropical Dermatology. Elsevier churchill Livingstone; 2006. P. 41 - 48.
• O'Sullivan M, Cai Y, Kong F, Zeng X, Gilbert G. Influence of disk separation distance on accuracy of the disk aproximation test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 4072-6
• Sereno D, Holzmuller P, Lemesre JL. Efficacy of second line drugs on antimonyl-resistant amastigotes of Leishmania infantum. Acta Trop. 2000 74:25-31.
• Shazad B, Abbaszadeh B, Khamesipour A. Comparison of topical paromomycin sulfate (twice/day) with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Eur J Dermatol. 2005.15:85-7.
• Shiomori T, Yoshida S, Makishima K. Relationship of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus to pathogenesis of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105: 449-54.
• Singh S, Sivakumar R. Challenges and new discoveries in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Infect Chemother 2004.10:307-15.
• Soto J, Buffet P, Grogl M, Berman J. Successful treatment of Colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis with four injections of pentamidine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(1):107-11.
• Soto J, Fuya P, Herrera R, Berman J. Topical paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride plus parenteral meglumine antimonate as treatment for American cutaneous leishmaniasis: controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 1998.26:56-8.
• Soto JM, Toledo JT, Gutierrez P, Arboleda M, Nicholls RS, Padilla JR, Berman JD, English CK, Grogl M. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a topical antileishmanial drug (WR279396): phase 2 pilot study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 .66:147-51.
• Soto-Mancipe J, Grogl M, Berman JD. Evaluation of pentamidine for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Clin Infect Dis. 1993.16:417-25.
• Videagain G. Tuberculoma del tabique nasal. Anales de lacasa de Salud de Valdecilla 1945;10:37-45.
• Von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:11-6.
• Von Mutius, Pearce N, Beasley R, et al.  International patterns of tuberculosis and the prevalance of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema. Thorax 2000;55:449–453.
• Zetola N, Nuemberger E, Bishal W. Community acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:275-86.

Capítulo 5. Rinitis cronicas infecciosas inespecífica.

• Anónimo. Protocolo de tratamiento de rinitis en farmacia comunitaria. Panorama Actual del Medicamento 2000; 24 (231): 178-207.
• Bricks LF, Sih T. Controversial drugs in otorhinolaryngology. J Pediatr (Rio J) 1999; 75:11-22
• Figueroa JM, Cassará ML, Mansilla EJ. Efecto de la pulverización con un aerosol de solución salina hipertónica sobre la depuración mucociliar. Arch.argent.pediatr 2001; 99(5):414-416.
• Harvey R, Hannan SA, Badia L, Scadding G. Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD006394.
• Meltzer E, Zeiger R, Schatz M, Jalowayski A. Rinitis crónica en lactantes y niños:Consideraciones etiológicas, diagnóstica y terapéuticas. Pediatr Norte Am 1983; (5) 831-53.

Capítulo 6. Fisiopatologia y clinica de las rinitis no alergicas.

• Anggard A. Basic mechanisms in autonomic nervous responses in specific and nonspecific nasal hyperreactivity. Acta Otolaryngol 1993;113: 394–396.
• Baraniuk JN. Neuropeptides. Am J Rhinol 1998;12: 9–16.
• Baraniuk JN, Kaliner MA. Neuropeptides and nasal secretion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86(4 Pt 2):620–627.
• Blom HM, Godthelp T, Fokkens WJ, KleinJan A, Holm AF, Vroom TM et al. Mast cells, eosinophils and IgE-positive cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with vasomotor rhinitis. An immunohistochemical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1995;1: S33–39.
• Carney AS, Powe DG, Huskisson RS, Jones NS. Atypical nasal challenges in patients with idiopathic rhinitis: more evidence for the existence of allergy in the absence of atopy? Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32:1436–1440.
• Drake-Lee A. Nasal polyps. In: Mackay I, editor. Rhinitis: mechanisms and management. London: Royal Society of Medicine; 1989. p. 141-52.
• Fang SY, Shen CL. Neuropeptide innervation and neuroendocrine cells in allergic rhinitis and chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28: 228–232.
• Fokkens WJ. Thoughts on the pathophysiology of non-allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002;2:203–209.
• Hamano N, Terada N, Maesako K, et al. Expression of histamine receptors in nasal epithelial cells and endothelial cells – the effects of sex hormones. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998;115: 220–227.
• Losada E. Rinitis intrínseca. In: Tratado de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica. Sociedad Española de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica. Ed. Luzan. Madrid. 1986;II:167-181.
• Ledford D. Inadequate diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis: assessing the damage. Allergy Asthma Proc 2003;24:155–162.
• Mikaelian AJ. Vasomotor rhinitis [Review]. Ear- Nose Throat J 1989; 68: 207-210.
• Powe DG, Huskisson RS, Carney AS, Jenkins D, Jones NS, Evidence for inflammatory pathophysiology in idiopathic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:864-872.
• Sanico A, Togias A. Noninfectious, nonallergic rhinitis (NINAR): considerations on possible mechanisms. Am J Rhinol 1998;12: 65–72.
• Wolf G. New aspects in the pathogenesis and therapy of hyperreflexive rhinopathy. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1988;67: 438–445.
• Zeiger RS. Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: classification and pathogenesis. Part II. Non-allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinology 1989;3:113–139. 

Capítulo 7.   Tipos de rinitis no alérgicas.

• Bachert C. Persistent rhinitis – allergic or nonallergic? Allergy 2004; 59(Suppl. 76):11–15.
• Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge P, Olbrecht J, Van Schoor J. Prevalence, classification and perception of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in Belgium. Allergy 2006;61:693–698
• Baldwin RL. Rhinitis medicamentosa (an approach to treatment). J Med Assoc State Alabama 1971;47:33.
• Banov CH, Lieberman P. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86: 28–35.
• Benedí J, Romero C. Descongestionantes nasales. Revisión. Farmacia Profesional. 2006;9: 58-61.
• Blom HM, Van Rijswijk JB, Garrelds IM, Mulder PG, Timmermans T, Gerth van Wijk R. Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. A placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 796-801.
• Broms P, Malm L. Oral vasoconstrictors in perennial non-allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1982;37: 67–74.
• Capel LH. Recent advances in otolaryngology. London, Churchill-Livinsgstone 1973, p. 235.
• Ciprandi G. Treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis. Allergy 2004;59(Suppl. 76):16–23.
• Druce HM. Allergic and Nooallergic Rhinitis. En: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, eds. Allergy: principles e practice, fifth ed, Vol. II. St Louis: Mosby, 1998; 1005-1016.
• Dykewicz MS, Fineman S, Skoner DP, Nicklas R, Lee R, Blessing-Moore J et al. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81(5 Pt 2):478–518.
• Ellegard. E, Hellgren M, Toren K, Karlsson G. The incidence of pregnancy rhinitis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;49: 98–101.
• Ellis AK, Keith PK. Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. Curr Asthma Allergy Rep. 2006 May;6(3):215-20.   
• Fein BT, Kamin PB. Menagement of allergy in pregnancy. Ann allergy 1984; 22:341-348.
• Foxen EH. Nsal Allergy. Scott-Brown´s Desieases of the Ear, Nose and Thorat Londond, butterwortths, 3^rd Ed, 1971, p 351.
• Greiner AN, Meltzer EO. Overview of the treatment of allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinopathy. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2011; 8:121-131.
• Group IRMW. International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Allergy 1994;49(Suppl. 19):S1–34.
• Homes TH, Goodell H. Wolf S ans Al. The Hamano N, Terada N, Maesako K, Numata T, Konno A. Effect of sex hormones on eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998;19: 263–269.
• nose: an experimental study of reaticions within the nose in human subjects during waryng life experiences. Springfield, III Charles C Thomas, 1950, p 95.
• Ingels K, Durdurez JP, Cuvelier C, Van Cauwenberge P. Nasal biopsy is superior to nasal smear for finding eosinophils in nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy 1997;52: 338–341.
• Jacobs RL, Freedman PM, Boswell RN. Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES syndrome). Clinical and immunologic presentation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981;67: 253–262.
• Jessen M, Janzon L. Prevalence of non-allergic nasal complaints in urban and a rural population in Sweden. Allergy 1989;44: 582–587.
• Lacroix JS, Pochon N, Lundberg JM. Increased concentration of sensory neuropeptide in the nasal mucosa from patients with non-allergic chronic rhinitis. In: The new frontiers of otorhinolaryngology in Europe (II). Sorrento, Italy: Monduzzi Editore S.p.A., 1992: 59–63.
• Lans DM, Alfano N, Rocklin R. Nasal eosinophilia in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: usefulness of the nasal smear in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Proc. 1989 Jul-Aug;10(4):275-80.
• Lieberman P. Treatment update: nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2001;22: 199–202. PubMed
• Lindberg S, Malm L. Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire. Allergy 1993;48:602–607.
• Lund VJ, Aaronson A, Bousquet J, et al. International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Allergy 1994;19: 5–34.
• Mabry RL. Nasal stuffiness due to systemic medications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982;91: 93–94.
• Malm L. Pharmacological background to decongesting and anti-inflammatory treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1994;515:53-5; discussion 55-6.
• Marshall KG, Attia EL, Danoff D. Vasomotor rhinitis. In: Disorders of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses. Vol I, (Ed by KGMarshall, ELAttia). Littleton: PSG Publishing, 1987, 195–203.
• Mikaelian AJ. Vasomotor rhinitis [Review]. Ear Nose Throat J 1989; 68: 207–210.
• Moneret-Vautrin DA, Hsieh V, Wayoff M, Guyot JL, Mouton C, Maria Y. Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome a precursor of the triad: nasal polyposis, intrinsic asthma, and intolerance to aspirin. Ann Allergy 1990;64: 513–518
• Mullarkey MF, Hill JS, Webb DR. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980;65: 122–126.
• Mullarkey MF. Eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988 Nov;82(5 Pt 2):941-9.
• Nyenhuis SM, Mathur SK. Rhinitis in older adults. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(2):171-7.
• Philpott CM, Robinson AM, Murty GE. Nasal pathophysiology and its relationship to the female ovarian hormones. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 37:540-546.
• Rupp GH, Friedman RA. Eosinophilic non allergic rhinitis in children. Pediatrics 1982;70:437– 439.
• Settipane RA, Lieberman P. Update on nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:494–507.
• Schatz M, Zeiger RS. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis during pregnancy. Allergy Proc 1988;9:545–554.
• Scadding GK. Rhinitis medicamentosa. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25: 391–394.
• Sorri M, Bortikanen-Sorri AI, Karja J. Rhinitis during pregnancy. Rhinology 1980;18:83– 86.
• Settipane GA, Klein DE. Non allergic rhinitis: demography of eosinophils in nasal smear, blood total eosinophil counts and IgE levels. N Eng Reg Allergy Proc 1985;6: 363–366l.
• Settipane RA, Lieberman P. Update on non-allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86:494-507.
• Swierczyńska M, Strek P, Składzień J, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Szczeklik A. Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome: state of knowledge. Otolaryngol Pol. 2003;57(1):81-4.
• Tan R, Corren J. Optimum treatment of rhinitis in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1995;7: 168–175.
• Togias A. Age relationships and clinical features of nonallergic rhinitis. J allergy Clin Immunol 1990;85:182.
• Toppozada H, Michaels L, Toppozada M, et al. The human respiratory nasal mucosa in pregnancy. J Laryngol Otol 1982;96:613– 626.
• Wilde AD, Cook JA, Jones AS. The nasal response to isometric exercise in non-eosinophilic intrinsic rhinitis. Clin Otolaryngol 1996;21: 84–86.
• Wolf G, Anderhuber W, Hauser-Kronberger C, Saria A. Treatment of nonspecific hyper-reflectory rhinopathy (vasomotor rhinitis) with capsaicin. Laryngorhinootologie 1995;74: 289–293.